Stabilize terminal frame recovery

Cargo.lock

@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "dosh"
-version = "0.1.8"
+version = "0.1.14"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "dosh"
-version = "0.1.8"
+version = "0.1.14"
 edition = "2024"
 license = "MIT"
 

install.ps1

@@ -141,6 +141,20 @@ function Verify-ArchiveVersion($ExtractDir, $Url) {
     }
 }
 
+function Install-Binary($Source, $Destination) {
+    $dir = Split-Path -Parent $Destination
+    $name = Split-Path -Leaf $Destination
+    $tmp = Join-Path $dir ".$name.tmp.$PID"
+    Copy-Item $Source $tmp -Force
+    try {
+        Move-Item $tmp $Destination -Force
+    }
+    catch {
+        Remove-Item $tmp -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+        throw
+    }
+}
+
 $bindir = Join-Path $Prefix "bin"
 $configDir = Join-Path $HOME ".config\dosh"
 New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path $bindir, $configDir | Out-Null
@@ -168,9 +182,9 @@ function Install-Prebuilt {
             if (-not $found) {
                 throw "prebuilt archive missing $bin"
             }
-            Copy-Item $found.FullName (Join-Path $bindir $bin) -Force
+            Install-Binary $found.FullName (Join-Path $bindir $bin)
         }
-        Copy-Item (Join-Path $bindir "dosh-client.exe") (Join-Path $bindir "dosh.exe") -Force
+        Install-Binary (Join-Path $bindir "dosh-client.exe") (Join-Path $bindir "dosh.exe")
         return $true
     }
     catch {
@@ -202,9 +216,9 @@ function Install-FromSource {
     try {
         Push-Location $src
         cargo build --release --bin dosh-client --bin dosh-bench
-        Copy-Item "target\release\dosh-client.exe" (Join-Path $bindir "dosh-client.exe") -Force
+        Install-Binary "target\release\dosh-client.exe" (Join-Path $bindir "dosh-client.exe")
-        Copy-Item "target\release\dosh-client.exe" (Join-Path $bindir "dosh.exe") -Force
+        Install-Binary "target\release\dosh-client.exe" (Join-Path $bindir "dosh.exe")
-        Copy-Item "target\release\dosh-bench.exe" (Join-Path $bindir "dosh-bench.exe") -Force
+        Install-Binary "target\release\dosh-bench.exe" (Join-Path $bindir "dosh-bench.exe")
     }
     finally {
         Pop-Location

install.sh

@@ -226,13 +226,26 @@ find_extracted_binary() {
   find "$1" -type f -name "$2" 2>/dev/null | sed -n '1p'
 }
 
+install_binary() {
+  src="$1"
+  dst="$2"
+  dst_dir="$(dirname "$dst")"
+  dst_base="$(basename "$dst")"
+  tmp="$dst_dir/.$dst_base.tmp.$$"
+  install -m 0755 "$src" "$tmp"
+  if ! mv -f "$tmp" "$dst"; then
+    rm -f "$tmp"
+    return 1
+  fi
+}
+
 install_extracted_binary() {
   found="$(find_extracted_binary "$1" "$2")"
   if [ -z "$found" ]; then
     echo "prebuilt archive missing $2" >&2
     return 1
   fi
-  install -m 0755 "$found" "$3"
+  install_binary "$found" "$3"
 }
 
 sha256_file() {
@@ -329,7 +342,7 @@ try_install_prebuilt() {
     install_extracted_binary "$tmpdir/extract" dosh-auth "$bindir/dosh-auth" || return 1
   fi
   if found_bench="$(find_extracted_binary "$tmpdir/extract" dosh-bench)" && [ -n "$found_bench" ]; then
-    install -m 0755 "$found_bench" "$bindir/dosh-bench"
+    install_binary "$found_bench" "$bindir/dosh-bench"
   fi
   return 0
 }
@@ -388,14 +401,14 @@ install_from_source() {
     fi
   fi
 
-  install -m 0755 target/release/dosh-client "$bindir/dosh-client"
+  install_binary target/release/dosh-client "$bindir/dosh-client"
   ln -sf dosh-client "$bindir/dosh"
   if [ "$role" = "server" ] || [ "$role" = "both" ]; then
-    install -m 0755 target/release/dosh-server "$bindir/dosh-server"
+    install_binary target/release/dosh-server "$bindir/dosh-server"
-    install -m 0755 target/release/dosh-auth "$bindir/dosh-auth"
+    install_binary target/release/dosh-auth "$bindir/dosh-auth"
   fi
   if [ -f target/release/dosh-bench ]; then
-    install -m 0755 target/release/dosh-bench "$bindir/dosh-bench"
+    install_binary target/release/dosh-bench "$bindir/dosh-bench"
   fi
 }
 
@@ -416,15 +429,6 @@ ExecStart=$bindir/dosh-server serve
 Restart=on-failure
 RestartSec=1
 KillMode=process
-NoNewPrivileges=true
-PrivateTmp=true
-ProtectSystem=strict
-ProtectHome=read-only
-ReadWritePaths=$config_dir $data_dir
-RestrictAddressFamilies=AF_INET AF_INET6 AF_UNIX
-RestrictRealtime=true
-LockPersonality=true
-MemoryDenyWriteExecute=true
 
 [Install]
 WantedBy=default.target

packaging/systemd/dosh-server.service

@@ -9,15 +9,6 @@ ExecStart=%h/.local/bin/dosh-server serve
 Restart=on-failure
 RestartSec=1
 KillMode=process
-NoNewPrivileges=true
-PrivateTmp=true
-ProtectSystem=strict
-ProtectHome=read-only
-ReadWritePaths=%h/.config/dosh %h/.local/share/dosh
-RestrictAddressFamilies=AF_INET AF_INET6 AF_UNIX
-RestrictRealtime=true
-LockPersonality=true
-MemoryDenyWriteExecute=true
 
 [Install]
 WantedBy=default.target

scripts/tui-harness.sh

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ for test_name in \
   tui_control_sequences_survive_transport_verbatim \
   unicode_output_survives_transport \
   tui_graph_glyphs_survive_fast_repaints_without_snapshot_substitution \
+  btop_style_graph_output_stays_raw_when_retransmit_history_overflows \
   large_tui_paint_is_delivered_in_mtu_safe_frames \
   resume_snapshot_preserves_alternate_screen_mode
 do

src/bin/dosh-client.rs

@@ -7457,6 +7457,33 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(buffer.accept(test_frame(12, false), &mut last).is_empty());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn frame_buffer_keeps_gap_buffered_without_snapshot_resync() {
+        let mut buffer = FrameBuffer::default();
+        let mut last = 10;
+
+        assert!(buffer.accept(test_frame(13, false), &mut last).is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(last, 10);
+        assert!(buffer.accept(test_frame(14, false), &mut last).is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(last, 10);
+
+        let ready = buffer.accept(test_frame(11, false), &mut last);
+        assert_eq!(ready.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(ready[0].output_seq, 11);
+        assert_eq!(last, 11);
+
+        let ready = buffer.accept(test_frame(12, false), &mut last);
+        assert_eq!(ready.len(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(
+            ready
+                .iter()
+                .map(|frame| frame.output_seq)
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec![12, 13, 14]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(last, 14);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn frame_buffer_ignores_stale_snapshot() {
         let mut buffer = FrameBuffer::default();

src/bin/dosh-server.rs

@@ -512,12 +512,13 @@ impl ServerState {
 
     /// Whether a session named `name` should be backed by a persistent holder.
     ///
-    /// With persistence enabled, every PTY session gets a detached holder. That
+    /// With persistence enabled, explicitly named sessions get a detached
-    /// includes implicit `term-<millis>-<pid>` sessions: a reconnecting client has
+    /// holder. Implicit `term-<millis>-<pid>` sessions are one-off terminals
-    /// the exact session name in its ticket cache, so it can reattach after a
+    /// created by `dosh host`; users cannot intentionally reattach to them by
-    /// quick server restart without forcing users to name sessions manually.
+    /// name, so persisting them only leaves stale holders that can be
-    fn should_persist_session(&self, _name: &str) -> bool {
+    /// accidentally re-adopted after restarts.
-        self.config.persist_sessions
+    fn should_persist_session(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
+        self.config.persist_sessions && !protocol::is_implicit_session_name(name)
     }
 
     /// Spawn (or, in the persistent case, spawn-and-adopt) a PTY for a session.
@@ -605,6 +606,20 @@ impl ServerState {
             if self.sessions.contains_key(&name) {
                 continue;
             }
+            if !self.should_persist_session(&name) {
+                eprintln!(
+                    "discarding stale implicit persistent session {name} (shell pid {})",
+                    meta.shell_pid
+                );
+                persist::request_shutdown(&sessions_dir, &name, None);
+                if meta.shell_pid > 0 {
+                    let _ = unsafe { libc::kill(meta.shell_pid, libc::SIGHUP) };
+                    let _ = unsafe { libc::kill(meta.shell_pid, libc::SIGTERM) };
+                    std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(50));
+                    let _ = unsafe { libc::kill(meta.shell_pid, libc::SIGKILL) };
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
             let (pty, control) = match self.adopt_persistent_pty(&name) {
                 Ok(pair) => pair,
                 Err(err) => {
@@ -3336,7 +3351,7 @@ async fn broadcast_output(
     let sends = {
         let mut locked = state.lock().expect("server state poisoned");
         let scrollback = locked.config.scrollback;
-        let retransmit_window = locked.config.retransmit_window;
+        let retransmit_window = locked.config.retransmit_window.max(1);
         let session = locked
             .sessions
             .get_mut(&output.session)
@@ -3374,20 +3389,18 @@ async fn broadcast_output(
             client.send_seq += 1;
             // Count traffic toward the packet-count rekey trigger (spec §11).
             client.epoch_packets = client.epoch_packets.saturating_add(1);
-            // Only materialize a screen snapshot when this client has fallen too
+            // Live terminal bytes are never rewritten into vt100 snapshots. A
-            // far behind; the common case sends the raw output bytes and must not
+            // snapshot is useful for attach/resume, but substituting it during a
-            // clone the whole vt100 grid per client per packet.
+            // running TUI can lose graph/background-cell details that apps like
-            let (bytes, snapshot) = if client.pending.len() >= retransmit_window {
+            // btop rely on. If retransmit history is full, prune only history.
-                client.pending.clear();
+            while client.pending.len() >= retransmit_window {
-                (screen_snapshot(session.parser.screen()), true)
+                client.pending.pop_front();
-            } else {
+            }
-                (output.bytes.clone(), false)
-            };
             let frame = Frame {
                 session: output.session.clone(),
                 output_seq,
-                bytes,
+                bytes: output.bytes.clone(),
-                snapshot,
+                snapshot: false,
                 closed: false,
             };
             let body = protocol::to_body(&frame)?;
@@ -3400,9 +3413,6 @@ async fn broadcast_output(
                 SERVER_TO_CLIENT,
                 &body,
             )?;
-            while client.pending.len() >= retransmit_window {
-                client.pending.pop_front();
-            }
             client.pending.push_back(PendingFrame {
                 output_seq,
                 packet: packet.clone(),
@@ -3509,11 +3519,9 @@ async fn retransmit_pending(
                     if pending.output_seq <= client.last_acked {
                         continue;
                     }
-                    if now.duration_since(pending.last_sent) >= Duration::from_millis(200)
+                    if now.duration_since(pending.last_sent) >= Duration::from_millis(200) {
-                        && pending.attempts < 8
-                    {
                         pending.last_sent = now;
-                        pending.attempts += 1;
+                        pending.attempts = pending.attempts.saturating_add(1);
                         sends.push((client.endpoint, pending.packet.clone()));
                     }
                 }
@@ -3846,7 +3854,7 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
     #[test]
-    fn persists_all_sessions_when_enabled() {
+    fn persists_named_sessions_when_enabled() {
         let (pty_tx, _rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();
         let config = ServerConfig {
             persist_sessions: true,
@@ -3856,7 +3864,7 @@ mod tests {
         let state = ServerState::new(config, [0u8; 32], pty_tx);
         assert!(state.should_persist_session("default")); // prewarmed
         assert!(state.should_persist_session("work")); // explicitly named
-        assert!(state.should_persist_session("term-1781470634216-76685")); // implicit reconnect
+        assert!(!state.should_persist_session("term-1781470634216-76685")); // one-off terminal
     }
 
     #[test]

src/persist.rs

@@ -435,6 +435,10 @@ pub fn run_holder(
         let mut cmd = [0u8; 1];
         match stream.read(&mut cmd) {
             Ok(1) if cmd[0] == HOLDER_CMD_SHUTDOWN => {
+                if shell_pid > 0 {
+                    let _ = unsafe { libc::kill(shell_pid, libc::SIGHUP) };
+                    let _ = unsafe { libc::kill(shell_pid, libc::SIGTERM) };
+                }
                 let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(runtime_dir);
                 std::process::exit(0);
             }

tests/integration_smoke.rs

@@ -112,6 +112,21 @@ fn write_server_config_with_output_interval(
     config
 }
 
+fn write_server_config_with_retransmit_window(
+    dir: &tempfile::TempDir,
+    port: u16,
+    retransmit_window: u64,
+) -> std::path::PathBuf {
+    let config = write_server_config(dir, port);
+    let mut raw = fs::read_to_string(&config).unwrap();
+    raw = raw.replace(
+        "retransmit_window = 256\n",
+        &format!("retransmit_window = {retransmit_window}\n"),
+    );
+    fs::write(&config, raw).unwrap();
+    config
+}
+
 fn start_server(dir: &tempfile::TempDir, config: &std::path::Path) -> Child {
     let server = env!("CARGO_BIN_EXE_dosh-server");
     let child = Command::new(server)
@@ -1377,18 +1392,10 @@ fn server_retransmits_unacked_output_frames() {
     );
 
     let mut seen = Vec::new();
-    let mut duplicate = None;
+    let deadline = std::time::Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(4);
-    let deadline = std::time::Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(3);
     while std::time::Instant::now() < deadline {
         if let Some((header, frame)) = recv_frame(&socket, &bootstrap.session_key) {
             if String::from_utf8_lossy(&frame.bytes).contains("DOSH_RETRANSMIT") {
-                if seen
-                    .iter()
-                    .any(|(_, output_seq)| *output_seq == frame.output_seq)
-                {
-                    duplicate = Some((header.seq, frame.output_seq));
-                    break;
-                }
                 seen.push((header.seq, frame.output_seq));
             }
         }
@@ -1397,9 +1404,18 @@ fn server_retransmits_unacked_output_frames() {
     let _ = server.kill();
     let _ = server.wait();
 
+    let max_same_output_seq = seen
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(_, output_seq)| {
+            seen.iter()
+                .filter(|(_, candidate)| candidate == output_seq)
+                .count()
+        })
+        .max()
+        .unwrap_or(0);
     assert!(
-        duplicate.is_some(),
+        max_same_output_seq >= 10,
-        "expected retransmitted same output seq, seen={seen:?}"
+        "expected retransmission to continue past the old 8-attempt ceiling, seen={seen:?}"
     );
 }
 
@@ -1694,6 +1710,69 @@ fn tui_graph_glyphs_survive_fast_repaints_without_snapshot_substitution() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn btop_style_graph_output_stays_raw_when_retransmit_history_overflows() {
+    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let port = free_udp_port();
+    let config = write_server_config_with_retransmit_window(&dir, port, 3);
+    let mut server = start_server(&dir, &config);
+    let (socket, bootstrap, ok) = direct_attach(&config, port, "read-write");
+
+    let graph = "DOSH_BTOP_NET ⠀⠁⠃⠇⡇⣇⣧⣷⣿";
+    let input = Input {
+        bytes: format!(
+            "stty -echo; \
+             printf '\\033[?1049h\\033[?2026h\\033[?25l'; \
+             for i in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10; do \
+               printf '\\033[6;4H\\033[38;2;80;220;140m{} %s\\033[0m' \"$i\"; \
+             done; \
+             printf '\\033[?25h\\033[?2026l\\033[?1049l'\n",
+            graph
+        )
+        .into_bytes(),
+    };
+    send_encrypted(
+        &socket,
+        port,
+        PacketKind::Input,
+        ok.client_id,
+        2,
+        0,
+        &bootstrap.session_key,
+        &protocol::to_body(&input).unwrap(),
+    );
+
+    let mut text = String::new();
+    let mut snapshots = 0usize;
+    let deadline = std::time::Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(3);
+    while std::time::Instant::now() < deadline
+        && !(text.matches("DOSH_BTOP_NET").count() >= 10 && text.contains("\x1b[?2026l"))
+    {
+        if let Some((_header, frame)) = recv_frame(&socket, &bootstrap.session_key) {
+            if frame.snapshot {
+                snapshots += 1;
+            }
+            text.push_str(&String::from_utf8_lossy(&frame.bytes));
+        }
+    }
+
+    let _ = server.kill();
+    let _ = server.wait();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        snapshots, 0,
+        "live btop-style graph output must not be replaced by snapshots; got {snapshots}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        text.matches("DOSH_BTOP_NET").count() >= 10
+            && text.contains("⣿")
+            && text.contains("\x1b[38;2;80;220;140m")
+            && text.contains("\x1b[?2026h")
+            && text.contains("\x1b[?2026l"),
+        "expected raw btop-style graph output to survive under retransmit pressure, got {text:?}"
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn large_tui_paint_is_delivered_in_mtu_safe_frames() {
     let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
@@ -2440,6 +2519,9 @@ fn write_persistent_server_config(dir: &tempfile::TempDir, port: u16) -> std::pa
     let mut raw = fs::read_to_string(&config).unwrap();
     // The base writer hardcodes `persist_sessions = false`; flip it on.
     raw = raw.replace("persist_sessions = false", "persist_sessions = true");
+    // Persistence tests attach the sessions they need explicitly. Leaving the
+    // base prewarm on here creates a detached default holder in every test.
+    raw = raw.replace("prewarm_sessions = [\"default\"]", "prewarm_sessions = []");
     fs::write(&config, raw).unwrap();
     config
 }
@@ -2475,6 +2557,45 @@ fn kill_holder(sessions_dir: &Path, session: &str) {
         .status();
 }
 
+/// Create a holder the way older Dosh builds did for implicit sessions, so
+/// startup migration can be tested without depending on the new spawn policy.
+fn spawn_legacy_holder(sessions_dir: &Path, session: &str) {
+    let server = env!("CARGO_BIN_EXE_dosh-server");
+    let runtime_dir = dosh::persist::ensure_runtime_dir(sessions_dir, session).unwrap();
+    let mut launcher = Command::new(server)
+        .arg("hold")
+        .arg("--runtime-dir")
+        .arg(&runtime_dir)
+        .arg("--session")
+        .arg(session)
+        .arg("--shell")
+        .arg("/bin/sh")
+        .arg("--cols")
+        .arg("80")
+        .arg("--rows")
+        .arg("24")
+        .stdout(Stdio::null())
+        .stderr(Stdio::null())
+        .spawn()
+        .unwrap();
+    let deadline = std::time::Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(5);
+    while std::time::Instant::now() < deadline {
+        if holder_shell_pid(sessions_dir, session).is_some()
+            && runtime_dir.join("holder.sock").exists()
+        {
+            let _ = launcher.wait();
+            return;
+        }
+        if let Some(status) = launcher.try_wait().unwrap() {
+            panic!("legacy holder launcher exited before ready: {status}");
+        }
+        thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(20));
+    }
+    let _ = launcher.kill();
+    let _ = launcher.wait();
+    panic!("legacy holder did not become ready");
+}
+
 /// Send one encrypted Input line and give the shell a moment to act.
 fn type_line(socket: &UdpSocket, port: u16, ok: &AttachOk, key: &[u8; 32], seq: u64, line: &str) {
     let input = Input {
@@ -2612,7 +2733,7 @@ fn session_survives_server_restart_same_shell_and_screen() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn implicit_session_survives_server_restart_for_same_ticket_holder() {
+fn implicit_session_does_not_create_restart_holder() {
     let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
     let sessions_dir = dir.path().join("sessions");
     let port = free_udp_port();
@@ -2635,20 +2756,14 @@ fn implicit_session_survives_server_restart_for_same_ticket_holder() {
 
     let shell_pid_before = holder_shell_pid(&sessions_dir, &session);
     assert!(
-        shell_pid_before.is_some(),
+        shell_pid_before.is_none(),
-        "implicit sessions should get a persistent holder when persistence is enabled"
+        "implicit sessions must not get persistent holders when persistence is enabled"
     );
 
     let _ = server.kill();
     let _ = server.wait();
     thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(300));
 
-    let pid = shell_pid_before.unwrap();
-    assert!(
-        unsafe { libc::kill(pid, 0) } == 0,
-        "implicit session shell pid {pid} must survive server restart"
-    );
-
     let mut server = start_server(&dir, &config);
     let (socket2, bootstrap2, ok2) = direct_attach_session(&config, port, "read-write", &session);
     let key2 = bootstrap2.session_key;
@@ -2665,15 +2780,44 @@ fn implicit_session_survives_server_restart_for_same_ticket_holder() {
 
     let _ = server.kill();
     let _ = server.wait();
-    kill_holder(&sessions_dir, &session);
 
-    assert_eq!(
+    assert!(
-        shell_pid_after, shell_pid_before,
+        shell_pid_after.is_none(),
-        "implicit session should re-adopt the same shell pid"
+        "implicit restart attach must stay ephemeral"
     );
     assert!(
-        post.contains("IMPLICIT_MARK=implicit_restart_42"),
+        post.contains("IMPLICIT_MARK=") && !post.contains("implicit_restart_42"),
-        "implicit session state must survive restart, got {post:?}"
+        "implicit session must start fresh after server restart, got {post:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn startup_discards_legacy_implicit_holders() {
+    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let sessions_dir = dir.path().join("sessions");
+    let port = free_udp_port();
+    let config = write_persistent_server_config(&dir, port);
+    let session = protocol::generate_implicit_session_name();
+
+    spawn_legacy_holder(&sessions_dir, &session);
+    let shell_pid = holder_shell_pid(&sessions_dir, &session).expect("legacy holder shell pid");
+    assert!(
+        unsafe { libc::kill(shell_pid, 0) } == 0,
+        "legacy holder shell must be live before startup"
+    );
+
+    let mut server = start_server(&dir, &config);
+    thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(300));
+
+    let _ = server.kill();
+    let _ = server.wait();
+    assert!(
+        holder_shell_pid(&sessions_dir, &session).is_none(),
+        "startup must remove old implicit holder metadata"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        unsafe { libc::kill(shell_pid, 0) } != 0,
+        "startup must shut down old implicit holder shell"
     );
 }
 

tests/release_scripts.rs

@@ -18,3 +18,31 @@ fn release_scripts_skip_stale_artifacts_when_auto_discovering() {
     assert!(publish.contains("skipping stale artifact"));
     assert!(publish.contains("actual=\"$(artifact_version \"$artifact\" || true)\""));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn systemd_service_does_not_sandbox_remote_shells() {
+    let service = include_str!("../packaging/systemd/dosh-server.service");
+    let install = include_str!("../install.sh");
+    for raw in [service, install] {
+        assert!(raw.contains("KillMode=process"));
+        for directive in [
+            "NoNewPrivileges=",
+            "PrivateTmp=",
+            "ProtectSystem=",
+            "ProtectHome=",
+            "RestrictAddressFamilies=",
+            "RestrictRealtime=",
+            "LockPersonality=",
+            "MemoryDenyWriteExecute=",
+        ] {
+            assert!(
+                !raw.contains(directive),
+                "dosh sessions are user shells; systemd sandbox directive {directive} changes terminal/app behavior"
+            );
+        }
+        assert!(
+            !raw.contains("ReadWritePaths="),
+            "remote shells must not be restricted to dosh config/data paths"
+        );
+    }
+}