dosh/docs/NATIVE_V1_SPEC.md

# Dosh Native v1 Spec

> **v1 status (annotation, not part of the spec text below).** Native v1 is
> substantially implemented and being stabilized; it is not yet fully verified.
> Milestone progress against section 15:
>
> - Milestone 1 — host identity and trust: **done.** Host key generation, `dosh trust`,
>   `known_hosts`, and mismatch hard-fail are implemented.
> - Milestone 2 — native user auth: **done.** `ClientHello`/`ServerHello`/`UserAuth`/
>   `AuthOk`, ssh-agent and encrypted-key Ed25519, and `authorized_keys` verification
>   exist. ECDSA/RSA user keys are still pending (Ed25519 only today).
> - Milestone 3 — default native auth: **done.** `auth_preference = "native,ssh"` is
>   the default with explicit, visible SSH fallback. Cold-auth benchmark gates are
>   pending (Track C / `BENCHMARKS.md`).
> - Milestone 4 — forwarding: **done.** Stream mux, `-L`, `-R`, `-D`, `-N`, `-f`, and
>   per-stream flow control are implemented; hostile-network and load tests pending.
> - Milestone 5 — hardening: **in progress.** Full per-IP token-bucket rate limiting,
>   protocol VERSION negotiation hardening, fuzzing in CI, and external review are not
>   yet complete. The threat model is published (`docs/THREAT_MODEL.md`).
> - Milestone 6 — workflow parity: **mostly done.** `dosh doctor`, host-trust
>   management, and the encrypted-key prompt flow exist; cross-OS daily-driver soak is
>   ongoing.
>
> The section 16 verification checklist is **not yet fully green** — see the
> item-by-item status table in `docs/PUBLIC_READINESS.md` and the residual-risk list in
> `docs/THREAT_MODEL.md`. The section 17 public-claim gate is therefore **not met**.

Native Dosh is a remote-login protocol for Dosh-installed servers. It is intended to
replace the user's day-to-day `ssh host` workflow for terminals and forwarding while
keeping SSH as a compatibility and recovery fallback.

Native Dosh is not an RFC-compatible SSH implementation. It deliberately avoids the
full SSH transport/channel protocol and implements the smaller set of behavior Dosh
needs: authenticated login, encrypted terminal transport, reconnect/roaming, and TCP
forwarding.

## 1. Product Contract

User-facing commands:

```bash
dosh host
dosh host command...
dosh -L 8080:127.0.0.1:80 host
dosh -R 9000:127.0.0.1:9000 host
dosh --session work host
dosh --view-only --session work host
```

Compatibility expectations:

- Existing SSH keys and `ssh-agent` are reused.
- Server-side authorization uses `~/.ssh/authorized_keys`.
- Host trust is pinned in a Dosh known-hosts file and can be bootstrapped by SSH.
- `~/.ssh/config` host aliases, `HostName`, `User`, `Port`, `IdentityFile`,
  `ProxyJump`, and `UserKnownHostsFile` are honored where practical.
- SSH bootstrap remains available with `--auth=ssh` and is used automatically when
  native auth is disabled or cannot complete.

Native v1 is complete only if a normal interactive user can switch their daily
workflow from `ssh` to `dosh` without keeping SSH open in another tab for routine
tasks.

Non-goals for v1:

- RFC-compatible SSH server/client behavior.
- Arbitrary SSH subsystems.
- X11 forwarding.
- SFTP/SCP compatibility.
- Multi-user daemon mode with privileged account switching.
- Replacing OpenSSH on hosts that do not run `dosh-server`.

## 2. SSH Workflow Parity Target

Native v1 targets the SSH workflows interactive users actually use, not the entire
OpenSSH feature universe.

Must work in v1:

- Interactive shell: `dosh host`.
- Remote command: `dosh host command...`.
- Fresh terminal by default.
- Named persistent terminal: `dosh --session work host`.
- Shared/view-only session: `dosh --view-only --session work host`.
- Local forwarding: `dosh -L [bind:]listen:target:target_port host`.
- Remote forwarding: `dosh -R [bind:]listen:target:target_port host`.
- Dynamic forwarding: `dosh -D [bind:]listen host`, if stream flow control is proven;
  otherwise it is the first v1.1 item and must be called out honestly.
- Multiple forwards in one connection.
- Forward-only mode: `dosh -N -L ... host`.
- Background forwarding: `dosh -f -N -L ... host`, or an equivalent supervised
  user-service mode.
- SSH-agent authentication.
- Encrypted OpenSSH private-key authentication with prompt.
- `~/.ssh/config` host aliases for `Host`, `HostName`, `User`, `Port`,
  `IdentityFile`, `ProxyJump`, `UserKnownHostsFile`, and `IdentitiesOnly`.
- Dosh host config overrides for user, Dosh-specific UDP host/port/auth policy.
- Clear host-key trust and mismatch errors.
- Clear auth failure errors that name the attempted key source.
- Stable reconnect after sleep, network switch, NAT rebinding, and server packet loss.
- `dosh update`.
- `dosh doctor host` for config/auth/UDP reachability diagnostics.
- `dosh sessions host` for session visibility.

Should work in v1 if it does not compromise the transport schedule:

- Agent forwarding with an explicit opt-in flag and clear warning.
- `ProxyJump` through SSH for bootstrap/trust and through Dosh-native relay later.
- `SendEnv`/`SetEnv` equivalent for explicit environment variables.
- Clipboard integration as a separate opt-in channel.

Explicitly not v1:

- X11 forwarding.
- SFTP/SCP wire compatibility.
- Full OpenSSH config language.
- Full `sshd` replacement for arbitrary SSH clients.
- Forced-command subsystems beyond fail-closed enforcement.

## 3. Stability Contract

Native v1 must be boring under real use:

- A closed laptop must not kill the remote session.
- A client crash must not kill the remote session.
- Server restart may drop live PTYs in v1 unless session persistence is implemented,
  but the client must fail clearly and reconnect cleanly afterward.
- Decrypt failures from stale packets must be ignored or trigger reconnect, never
  terminate the terminal by themselves.
- Terminal cleanup must restore cursor, mouse mode, bracketed paste, alternate
  screen, and raw mode on exit.
- Forwarding streams must close cleanly without leaving orphan listeners.
- Every public error must be actionable: host trust, auth failure, UDP blocked,
  forwarding denied, version mismatch, or server unavailable.
- `dosh host` must never attach to another active unnamed terminal by accident.
- The default install must be secure without hand-editing configs.
- Upgrades must preserve existing trusted host keys and credentials unless explicitly
  rotated.

## 4. Security Contract

Native Dosh must match the security properties users rely on from SSH for this use
case:

- Server authentication before terminal data is trusted.
- User authentication by possession of an authorized private key or agent key.
- Forward secrecy for terminal and forwarding traffic.
- AEAD encryption and authentication for every post-handshake packet.
- Replay protection for handshake and transport packets.
- Host-key pinning with explicit first-use behavior.
- No plaintext terminal bytes after handshake begins.
- No custom cryptographic primitives.
- Clear downgrade behavior: native auth failure must not silently fall back to an
  unauthenticated mode.

Native Dosh does not claim SSH's full protocol security surface. It claims equivalent
security for Dosh terminal and forwarding sessions on Dosh-installed servers.

## 5. Threat Model

In scope:

- Passive network observer.
- Active network attacker that can spoof, drop, replay, reorder, or modify packets.
- NAT rebinding and client IP/port changes.
- Stolen attach-ticket cache without the user's private key.
- Server restart and key rotation.
- Malicious unauthenticated client flooding auth attempts.
- Compromised low-privilege local user trying to read Dosh caches on a shared client.

Out of scope:

- Compromised client machine.
- Compromised server account.
- Malicious kernel, terminal emulator, or PTY implementation.
- Protecting against a server that is already authorized and then becomes malicious.

## 6. Cryptographic Building Blocks

Allowed primitives:

- Handshake pattern: Noise `NK` or `XX` through a maintained Rust Noise framework, or
  a small audited construction over `x25519-dalek` plus transcript binding.
- KEX: X25519.
- Signatures for user auth: Ed25519 and ECDSA P-256 via SSH-agent and OpenSSH key
  formats. RSA may be accepted only for compatibility and must use SHA-2 signatures.
- AEAD: ChaCha20-Poly1305 by default; AES-GCM optional when hardware support is known.
- KDF: HKDF-SHA256.
- Hash/transcript: SHA-256.
- Randomness: OS CSPRNG only.

Disallowed:

- Homegrown ciphers, MACs, padding, or key derivation.
- Reusing a nonce/key pair.
- Unauthenticated encryption.
- MD5/SHA-1 signatures for user auth.

## 7. Identity And Trust

### Server Identity

Each `dosh-server` has a persistent host key:

```text
~/.config/dosh/host_key
~/.config/dosh/host_key.pub
```

Default host-key algorithm: Ed25519.

Client pins host keys in:

```text
~/.config/dosh/known_hosts
```

Entry format:

```text
host-pattern key-type base64-public-key first-seen=unix-seconds source=tofu|ssh|manual
```

First-use policy:

- Default for public internet: refuse unknown native host key and suggest
  `dosh trust host` or SSH bootstrap.
- Default for local/private hosts may be TOFU only when `trust_on_first_use = true`.
- `dosh trust host` may verify the Dosh host key over the existing SSH bootstrap path.

Host-key mismatch:

- Hard fail.
- Print old fingerprint, new fingerprint, and known-hosts file path.
- Never auto-replace.

### User Identity

Native auth user identity is the login user resolved from:

1. Explicit CLI user: `user@host`.
2. Dosh host config.
3. `ssh -G host` `user`.
4. Local username.

Server verifies user keys against:

```text
~/.ssh/authorized_keys
~/.config/dosh/authorized_keys
```

`~/.config/dosh/authorized_keys` is optional and may restrict Dosh access without
changing SSH access.

Authorized-key options required in v1:

- `from=`
- `command=` must reject native Dosh terminal login unless explicitly supported later.
- `restrict`
- `no-port-forwarding`
- `permitopen=`

Unsupported restrictive options must fail closed.

## 8. Native Auth Handshake

Native auth runs over UDP on the same Dosh port. It establishes a short-lived
authenticated control channel and returns the same terminal attach material that SSH
bootstrap returns today.

Target path:

```text
client -> server: ClientHello
server -> client: ServerHello
client -> server: UserAuth
server -> client: AuthOk + first terminal snapshot
```

The server may combine `AuthOk` and `AttachOk` to get terminal-ready in the final
handshake flight.

### ClientHello

Fields:

- protocol version
- client random
- client ephemeral X25519 public key
- requested host alias
- requested user
- requested session
- requested mode
- terminal size
- supported AEAD algorithms
- supported user key algorithms
- optional cached host-key id
- optional attach ticket envelope

### ServerHello

Fields:

- protocol version
- server random
- server ephemeral X25519 public key
- server host public key
- server host-key signature over transcript
- chosen AEAD
- server key epoch
- auth challenge
- rate-limit metadata when applicable

The client must verify the host key before sending user authentication.

### UserAuth

Fields:

- selected public key
- key algorithm
- signature over transcript and auth challenge
- optional agent identity metadata
- optional requested forwarding declarations

The signature must bind:

- both ephemeral keys
- both randoms
- server host key
- requested user/session/mode/terminal size
- selected algorithms
- protocol version

### AuthOk

Fields:

- assigned `ClientId`
- session name
- mode
- session key id
- encrypted session key material or derived key confirmation
- attach ticket
- attach ticket PSK encrypted to the handshake key
- initial output sequence
- first snapshot
- server policy flags

`AuthOk` is AEAD-encrypted under the handshake traffic key.

## 9. Key Schedule

Handshake transcript:

```text
H = SHA256(protocol_label || ClientHello || ServerHello || UserAuth)
```

Shared secret:

```text
dh = X25519(client_ephemeral, server_ephemeral)
```

Handshake key:

```text
handshake_key = HKDF-SHA256(dh, H, "dosh/native/handshake/v1")
```

Session traffic keys:

```text
c2s_key = HKDF-SHA256(handshake_key, H, "dosh/native/c2s/v1")
s2c_key = HKDF-SHA256(handshake_key, H, "dosh/native/s2c/v1")
```

Attach ticket PSKs and rotated session keys must be derived independently from server
secret material and fresh randomness. They must not reuse handshake traffic keys.

## 10. Attach Tickets And Cache

Native attach tickets replace most cold auth after first login.

Ticket properties:

- Server-sealed AEAD blob.
- Scoped to server host key, user, session, mode, client key fingerprint, server key
  epoch, and policy flags.
- Paired with a client-held random PSK.
- Default TTL: 24 hours for trusted personal machines, configurable down to zero.
- Stored mode `0600`.
- Revoked by server host-key rotation, server secret rotation, or user key removal.

Client cache path:

```text
~/.local/share/dosh/credentials/
```

Cache entries must include:

- host identity fingerprint
- user
- session
- mode
- ticket expiry
- last rendered sequence
- client id
- session key id
- attach ticket
- attach ticket PSK

## 11. Transport

Post-auth terminal traffic continues to use the current Dosh UDP packet model:

- fixed binary header
- AEAD body
- monotonic packet sequence
- ack field
- replay window
- server snapshots for recovery

Required v1 changes:

- Separate packet namespaces for terminal frames, control messages, and forwarding
  streams.
- Explicit `key_epoch` or `session_key_id` in packet metadata so stale packets can be
  ignored without fatal decrypt errors.
- Rekey command after configurable packet count or wall-clock interval.
- Connection migration must be accepted after any valid encrypted packet from a new
  source address.

## 12. Forwarding

Native forwarding is a Dosh stream multiplexer over the encrypted transport.

CLI:

```bash
dosh -L [bind_host:]listen_port:target_host:target_port host
dosh -R [bind_host:]listen_port:target_host:target_port host
dosh -D [bind_host:]listen_port host
```

Stream packet types:

- `StreamOpen`
- `StreamOpenOk`
- `StreamOpenReject`
- `StreamData`
- `StreamWindowAdjust`
- `StreamEof`
- `StreamClose`

Forwarding rules:

- Terminal traffic has priority over stream bulk data.
- Each stream has independent flow control.
- Backpressure must not block PTY input or output.
- Server enforces `no-port-forwarding` and `permitopen=`.
- Remote listeners bind to loopback by default.
- Non-loopback remote bind requires explicit config.
- `-N` opens forwarding without creating a PTY.
- `-f` backgrounds only after all requested listeners are successfully active.
- Listener setup failures fail the entire command unless `--partial-forwarding` is
  explicitly requested.
- Forwarding reconnect must preserve listeners and re-open streams after network
  migration when protocol state allows it.
- Stream packet scheduling must enforce terminal priority; a large port-forward copy
  cannot make shell keystrokes lag.

## 13. Diagnostics And Operations

Native v1 must include operations commands:

```bash
dosh doctor host
dosh trust host
dosh trust --remove host
dosh sessions host
dosh update
```

`dosh doctor host` checks:

- host alias resolution
- Dosh known-host state
- SSH fallback reachability
- native UDP reachability
- server version
- native auth enabled/disabled
- usable keys from ssh-agent and identity files
- server authorization result without opening a terminal
- configured forwarding policy

`dosh trust host` checks:

- fetch Dosh host key through SSH fallback when available
- show fingerprint before writing trust
- refuse overwrite on mismatch unless `--replace` is explicit

## 14. Config

Client:

```toml
auth_preference = "native,ssh"
trust_on_first_use = false
native_auth_timeout_ms = 700
known_hosts = "~/.config/dosh/known_hosts"
credential_cache = "~/.local/share/dosh/credentials"
identity_files = ["~/.ssh/id_ed25519"]
use_ssh_agent = true
forward_agent = false
send_env = ["LANG", "LC_*", "TERM", "COLORTERM"]
set_env = {}
forwardings = []
```

Server:

```toml
native_auth = true
host_key = "~/.config/dosh/host_key"
authorized_keys = ["~/.ssh/authorized_keys", "~/.config/dosh/authorized_keys"]
native_auth_rate_limit_per_minute = 30
attach_ticket_ttl_secs = 86400
allow_tcp_forwarding = true
allow_remote_forwarding = false
allow_remote_non_loopback_bind = false
allow_agent_forwarding = false
accept_env = ["LANG", "LC_*", "TERM", "COLORTERM"]
```

## 15. Migration Plan

Milestone 1: host identity and trust

- Generate Dosh host key on server install.
- Add `dosh trust host`.
- Add known-hosts file and mismatch handling.
- Keep SSH bootstrap as the only auth path.

Milestone 2: native user auth

- Implement `ClientHello`/`ServerHello`/`UserAuth`/`AuthOk`.
- Support ssh-agent Ed25519 first.
- Verify against `authorized_keys`.
- Add `--auth=native|ssh|auto`.

Milestone 3: default native auth

- Make `auth_preference = "native,ssh"` default.
- Keep SSH fallback explicit and visible.
- Add benchmark gates for native cold auth.

Milestone 4: forwarding

- Add stream mux.
- Add `-L`, `-N`, and `-f`.
- Add `-R`.
- Add `-D` only after flow control is proven.

Milestone 5: hardening

- Fuzz packet parsing, authorized-key parsing, known-host parsing, and handshake state.
- Add hostile-network integration tests.
- Add external review checklist before public security claims.

Milestone 6: workflow parity

- Implement `dosh doctor`.
- Implement complete host-trust management.
- Implement private-key prompt flow.
- Implement forwarding policy diagnostics.
- Run daily-driver soak on macOS and Linux clients.

## 16. Verification

Native v1 is not complete until all are true:

- Unknown host key fails by default unless TOFU is explicitly enabled.
- Known host key mismatch hard fails.
- Native Ed25519 auth succeeds via ssh-agent.
- Native Ed25519 auth succeeds via encrypted private key prompt.
- Removed authorized key can no longer authenticate.
- Restrictive unsupported authorized-key options fail closed.
- Replayed handshake packets are rejected.
- Replayed transport packets are rejected.
- Stale encrypted packets after reconnect are ignored, not fatal.
- Client IP/port change preserves the session.
- Native cold auth benchmark beats cold `ssh host true` on the same host.
- Cached attach remains near network RTT plus local render overhead.
- `-L` forwarding works without delaying terminal input.
- `-R` forwarding enforces bind and permission policy.
- `-N -L` forward-only mode does not allocate a PTY.
- `-f -N -L` backgrounds only after listener readiness.
- Multiple forwards in one command work.
- `dosh doctor` identifies UDP-blocked, auth-denied, host-key-mismatch, and
  forwarding-denied states.
- Closing the laptop for at least 30 minutes does not kill the remote session.
- Three concurrent Dosh terminals remain independent unless explicitly named.
- Large forwarded transfers do not add visible terminal input lag.
- Fuzz targets run in CI.
- Threat model is updated with any accepted residual risks.

## 17. Public Claim Gate

Dosh may claim "native SSH replacement for Dosh-installed servers" only after:

- Native auth is default on at least one real host.
- SSH fallback remains available.
- The verification checklist is green.
- The threat model is published.
- Benchmarks include raw samples for SSH cold, Dosh native cold, Dosh cached attach,
  and Mosh startup.

Dosh must not claim generic SSH compatibility unless it implements the SSH protocol.